44 Keyboard Shortcuts Reference

This appendix provides essential keyboard shortcuts for the tools commonly used in biostatistics and data science workflows.

44.1 Bash/Terminal Shortcuts

Navigation and Editing

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + A`	Move cursor to beginning of line
`Ctrl + E`	Move cursor to end of line
`Ctrl + B`	Move cursor back one character
`Ctrl + F`	Move cursor forward one character
`Alt + B`	Move cursor back one word
`Alt + F`	Move cursor forward one word
`Ctrl + U`	Delete from cursor to beginning of line
`Ctrl + K`	Delete from cursor to end of line
`Ctrl + W`	Delete word before cursor
`Alt + D`	Delete word after cursor
`Ctrl + Y`	Paste (yank) deleted text
`Ctrl + _`	Undo last edit

History and Search

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + R`	Search command history (reverse)
`Ctrl + S`	Search command history (forward)
`Ctrl + G`	Cancel history search
`Ctrl + P` or `Up`	Previous command in history
`Ctrl + N` or `Down`	Next command in history
`!!`	Repeat last command
`!$`	Last argument of previous command
`!n`	Execute command number n from history
`!string`	Execute last command starting with string

Process Control

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + C`	Interrupt/kill current process
`Ctrl + Z`	Suspend current process (use `fg` to resume)
`Ctrl + D`	Exit shell / End of input
`Ctrl + L`	Clear screen
`Ctrl + S`	Pause terminal output
`Ctrl + Q`	Resume terminal output

44.2 Vim Shortcuts

Modes

Key	Description
`i`	Enter Insert mode (before cursor)
`a`	Enter Insert mode (after cursor)
`I`	Insert at beginning of line
`A`	Insert at end of line
`o`	Open new line below
`O`	Open new line above
`v`	Enter Visual mode (character)
`V`	Enter Visual mode (line)
`Ctrl + V`	Enter Visual Block mode
`Esc`	Return to Normal mode
`:`	Enter Command mode

Navigation (Normal Mode)

Key	Description
`h`, `j`, `k`, `l`	Left, down, up, right
`w`	Move to next word
`b`	Move to previous word
`e`	Move to end of word
`0`	Move to beginning of line
`$`	Move to end of line
`^`	Move to first non-blank character
`gg`	Go to first line
`G`	Go to last line
`nG` or `:n`	Go to line n
`Ctrl + F`	Page down
`Ctrl + B`	Page up
`Ctrl + D`	Half page down
`Ctrl + U`	Half page up
`%`	Jump to matching bracket
`{`	Jump to previous paragraph
`}`	Jump to next paragraph

Editing (Normal Mode)

Key	Description
`x`	Delete character under cursor
`X`	Delete character before cursor
`dd`	Delete entire line
`dw`	Delete word
`d$` or `D`	Delete to end of line
`d0`	Delete to beginning of line
`yy`	Yank (copy) entire line
`yw`	Yank word
`p`	Paste after cursor
`P`	Paste before cursor
`r`	Replace single character
`R`	Enter Replace mode
`cc`	Change entire line
`cw`	Change word
`c$` or `C`	Change to end of line
`u`	Undo
`Ctrl + R`	Redo
`.`	Repeat last command
`~`	Toggle case
`>>`	Indent line
`<<`	Unindent line

Search and Replace

Command	Description
`/pattern`	Search forward for pattern
`?pattern`	Search backward for pattern
`n`	Find next occurrence
`N`	Find previous occurrence
`*`	Search for word under cursor
`:%s/old/new/g`	Replace all occurrences in file
`:s/old/new/g`	Replace all occurrences in line
`:%s/old/new/gc`	Replace with confirmation

File Operations

Command	Description
`:w`	Save file
`:w filename`	Save as filename
`:q`	Quit
`:q!`	Quit without saving
`:wq` or `:x`	Save and quit
`ZZ`	Save and quit (Normal mode)
`:e filename`	Open file
`:r filename`	Insert file contents

44.3 RStudio Shortcuts

Console

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + Enter`	Run current line/selection
`Ctrl + Shift + Enter`	Run entire script
`Ctrl + Alt + R`	Run from beginning to current line
`Ctrl + Alt + E`	Run from current line to end
`Ctrl + Alt + B`	Run from beginning to cursor
`Ctrl + L`	Clear console
`Esc`	Interrupt R
`Tab`	Autocomplete
`Ctrl + Up`	Command history popup

Editor

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + S`	Save current file
`Ctrl + Shift + S`	Save all open files
`Ctrl + Z`	Undo
`Ctrl + Shift + Z`	Redo
`Ctrl + F`	Find
`Ctrl + H`	Find and replace
`Ctrl + Shift + F`	Find in files
`Ctrl + D`	Delete line
`Ctrl + Shift + D`	Duplicate line
`Alt + Up/Down`	Move line up/down
`Ctrl + Shift + C`	Comment/uncomment line
`Ctrl + Shift + /`	Reflow comment
`Ctrl + I`	Reindent lines
`Ctrl + Shift + A`	Reformat code
`Ctrl + Shift + M`	Insert pipe (`%>%` or `\|>`)
`Alt + -`	Insert assignment (`<-`)
`Ctrl + Shift + R`	Insert code section

Navigation

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + .`	Go to file/function
`F1`	Help on selected function
`F2`	Go to function definition
`Ctrl + Shift + O`	Document outline
`Ctrl + Tab`	Switch between open files
`Ctrl + Shift + Tab`	Switch to previous file
`Ctrl + 1`	Focus on Source editor
`Ctrl + 2`	Focus on Console
`Ctrl + 3`	Focus on Help
`Ctrl + 4`	Focus on History
`Ctrl + 5`	Focus on Files
`Ctrl + 6`	Focus on Plots
`Ctrl + 7`	Focus on Packages
`Ctrl + 8`	Focus on Environment
`Ctrl + 9`	Focus on Viewer

Projects and Sessions

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + Shift + N`	New file
`Ctrl + O`	Open file
`Ctrl + Shift + P`	Command palette
`Ctrl + Shift + F10`	Restart R session
`Ctrl + Q`	Quit RStudio

44.4 Jupyter Notebook Shortcuts

Command Mode (Blue Border)

Press Esc to enter Command mode.

Key	Description
`Enter`	Enter Edit mode
`H`	Show keyboard shortcuts
`A`	Insert cell above
`B`	Insert cell below
`X`	Cut selected cells
`C`	Copy selected cells
`V`	Paste cells below
`Shift + V`	Paste cells above
`D, D`	Delete selected cells
`Z`	Undo cell deletion
`Y`	Change cell to Code
`M`	Change cell to Markdown
`R`	Change cell to Raw
`1-6`	Change to heading level 1-6
`Up/K`	Select cell above
`Down/J`	Select cell below
`Shift + Up/K`	Extend selection above
`Shift + Down/J`	Extend selection below
`Shift + M`	Merge selected cells
`O`	Toggle output
`Shift + O`	Toggle output scrolling
`I, I`	Interrupt kernel
`0, 0`	Restart kernel
`S` or `Ctrl + S`	Save notebook
`L`	Toggle line numbers

Edit Mode (Green Border)

Press Enter to enter Edit mode.

Shortcut	Description
`Esc`	Enter Command mode
`Ctrl + Enter`	Run cell
`Shift + Enter`	Run cell, select below
`Alt + Enter`	Run cell, insert below
`Ctrl + Shift + -`	Split cell at cursor
`Tab`	Code completion
`Shift + Tab`	Tooltip/documentation
`Ctrl + ]`	Indent
`Ctrl + [`	Dedent
`Ctrl + A`	Select all
`Ctrl + Z`	Undo
`Ctrl + Shift + Z`	Redo
`Ctrl + D`	Delete whole line
`Ctrl + /`	Comment/uncomment
`Ctrl + Home`	Go to cell start
`Ctrl + End`	Go to cell end

44.5 VS Code Shortcuts

General

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + Shift + P`	Command palette
`Ctrl + P`	Quick open file
`Ctrl + Shift + N`	New window
`Ctrl + W`	Close editor
`Ctrl + ,`	Open settings
`Ctrl + K Ctrl + S`	Keyboard shortcuts
Ctrl + ``	Toggle integrated terminal
`F11`	Toggle full screen
`Ctrl + B`	Toggle sidebar
`Ctrl + Shift + E`	Explorer focus
`Ctrl + Shift + F`	Search across files
`Ctrl + Shift + G`	Source control
`Ctrl + Shift + D`	Debug
`Ctrl + Shift + X`	Extensions

Editing

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + X`	Cut line (empty selection)
`Ctrl + C`	Copy line (empty selection)
`Ctrl + V`	Paste
`Ctrl + Shift + K`	Delete line
`Ctrl + Enter`	Insert line below
`Ctrl + Shift + Enter`	Insert line above
`Alt + Up/Down`	Move line up/down
`Shift + Alt + Up/Down`	Copy line up/down
`Ctrl + D`	Select word (repeat for next)
`Ctrl + Shift + L`	Select all occurrences
`Ctrl + L`	Select current line
`Ctrl + /`	Toggle line comment
`Shift + Alt + A`	Toggle block comment
`Ctrl + ]`	Indent line
`Ctrl + [`	Outdent line
`Ctrl + Shift + \`	Jump to matching bracket
`Ctrl + Z`	Undo
`Ctrl + Shift + Z`	Redo

Navigation

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + G`	Go to line
`Ctrl + P`	Go to file
`Ctrl + Shift + O`	Go to symbol
`F12`	Go to definition
`Alt + F12`	Peek definition
`Ctrl + Shift + \`	Go to matching bracket
`Ctrl + Home`	Go to beginning of file
`Ctrl + End`	Go to end of file
`Ctrl + Tab`	Switch between open editors
`Alt + Left/Right`	Go back/forward
`Ctrl + K Ctrl + Q`	Go to last edit location

Multi-Cursor and Selection

Shortcut	Description
`Alt + Click`	Insert cursor
`Ctrl + Alt + Up/Down`	Insert cursor above/below
`Ctrl + U`	Undo cursor operation
`Shift + Alt + I`	Insert cursor at end of each line
`Ctrl + Shift + L`	Select all occurrences of selection
`Ctrl + F2`	Select all occurrences of word
`Shift + Alt + Drag`	Column selection
`Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Arrow`	Column selection

Search and Replace

Shortcut	Description
`Ctrl + F`	Find
`Ctrl + H`	Replace
`F3` / `Shift + F3`	Find next/previous
`Alt + Enter`	Select all occurrences of find match
`Ctrl + D`	Add selection to next find match
`Ctrl + K Ctrl + D`	Move last selection to next find match

Integrated Terminal

Shortcut	Description
Ctrl + ``	Toggle terminal
Ctrl + Shift + ``	Create new terminal
`Ctrl + Shift + 5`	Split terminal
`Ctrl + PageUp/Down`	Scroll terminal
`Shift + PageUp/Down`	Scroll terminal by page

Customizing Shortcuts

Most applications allow you to customize keyboard shortcuts:

RStudio: Tools → Modify Keyboard Shortcuts
VS Code: File → Preferences → Keyboard Shortcuts (or Ctrl + K Ctrl + S)
Jupyter: Help → Edit Keyboard Shortcuts
Bash: Edit ~/.inputrc for readline customizations

Learning the default shortcuts first helps when working on different machines, but customization can boost your personal productivity significantly.

44.6 Platform Differences

Most shortcuts in this appendix use Ctrl as the modifier key (Windows/Linux). On macOS:

Windows/Linux	macOS
`Ctrl`	`Cmd` (⌘)
`Alt`	`Option` (⌥)
`Ctrl + Alt`	`Cmd + Option`

Some applications maintain the Ctrl key on macOS for terminal-related shortcuts (Bash, Vim).

# Keyboard Shortcuts Reference {#sec-keyboard-shortcuts} This appendix provides essential keyboard shortcuts for the tools commonly used in biostatistics and data science workflows. ## Bash/Terminal Shortcuts ### Navigation and Editing | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + A` | Move cursor to beginning of line | | `Ctrl + E` | Move cursor to end of line | | `Ctrl + B` | Move cursor back one character | | `Ctrl + F` | Move cursor forward one character | | `Alt + B` | Move cursor back one word | | `Alt + F` | Move cursor forward one word | | `Ctrl + U` | Delete from cursor to beginning of line | | `Ctrl + K` | Delete from cursor to end of line | | `Ctrl + W` | Delete word before cursor | | `Alt + D` | Delete word after cursor | | `Ctrl + Y` | Paste (yank) deleted text | | `Ctrl + _` | Undo last edit | ### History and Search | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + R` | Search command history (reverse) | | `Ctrl + S` | Search command history (forward) | | `Ctrl + G` | Cancel history search | | `Ctrl + P` or `Up` | Previous command in history | | `Ctrl + N` or `Down` | Next command in history | | `!!` | Repeat last command | | `!$` | Last argument of previous command | | `!n` | Execute command number n from history | | `!string` | Execute last command starting with string | ### Process Control | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + C` | Interrupt/kill current process | | `Ctrl + Z` | Suspend current process (use `fg` to resume) | | `Ctrl + D` | Exit shell / End of input | | `Ctrl + L` | Clear screen | | `Ctrl + S` | Pause terminal output | | `Ctrl + Q` | Resume terminal output | ## Vim Shortcuts ### Modes | Key | Description | |:----|:------------| | `i` | Enter Insert mode (before cursor) | | `a` | Enter Insert mode (after cursor) | | `I` | Insert at beginning of line | | `A` | Insert at end of line | | `o` | Open new line below | | `O` | Open new line above | | `v` | Enter Visual mode (character) | | `V` | Enter Visual mode (line) | | `Ctrl + V` | Enter Visual Block mode | | `Esc` | Return to Normal mode | | `:` | Enter Command mode | ### Navigation (Normal Mode) | Key | Description | |:----|:------------| | `h`, `j`, `k`, `l` | Left, down, up, right | | `w` | Move to next word | | `b` | Move to previous word | | `e` | Move to end of word | | `0` | Move to beginning of line | | `$` | Move to end of line | | `^` | Move to first non-blank character | | `gg` | Go to first line | | `G` | Go to last line | | `nG` or `:n` | Go to line n | | `Ctrl + F` | Page down | | `Ctrl + B` | Page up | | `Ctrl + D` | Half page down | | `Ctrl + U` | Half page up | | `%` | Jump to matching bracket | | `{` | Jump to previous paragraph | | `}` | Jump to next paragraph | ### Editing (Normal Mode) | Key | Description | |:----|:------------| | `x` | Delete character under cursor | | `X` | Delete character before cursor | | `dd` | Delete entire line | | `dw` | Delete word | | `d$` or `D` | Delete to end of line | | `d0` | Delete to beginning of line | | `yy` | Yank (copy) entire line | | `yw` | Yank word | | `p` | Paste after cursor | | `P` | Paste before cursor | | `r` | Replace single character | | `R` | Enter Replace mode | | `cc` | Change entire line | | `cw` | Change word | | `c$` or `C` | Change to end of line | | `u` | Undo | | `Ctrl + R` | Redo | | `.` | Repeat last command | | `~` | Toggle case | | `>>` | Indent line | | `<<` | Unindent line | ### Search and Replace | Command | Description | |:--------|:------------| | `/pattern` | Search forward for pattern | | `?pattern` | Search backward for pattern | | `n` | Find next occurrence | | `N` | Find previous occurrence | | `*` | Search for word under cursor | | `:%s/old/new/g` | Replace all occurrences in file | | `:s/old/new/g` | Replace all occurrences in line | | `:%s/old/new/gc` | Replace with confirmation | ### File Operations | Command | Description | |:--------|:------------| | `:w` | Save file | | `:w filename` | Save as filename | | `:q` | Quit | | `:q!` | Quit without saving | | `:wq` or `:x` | Save and quit | | `ZZ` | Save and quit (Normal mode) | | `:e filename` | Open file | | `:r filename` | Insert file contents | ## RStudio Shortcuts ### Console | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + Enter` | Run current line/selection | | `Ctrl + Shift + Enter` | Run entire script | | `Ctrl + Alt + R` | Run from beginning to current line | | `Ctrl + Alt + E` | Run from current line to end | | `Ctrl + Alt + B` | Run from beginning to cursor | | `Ctrl + L` | Clear console | | `Esc` | Interrupt R | | `Tab` | Autocomplete | | `Ctrl + Up` | Command history popup | ### Editor | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + S` | Save current file | | `Ctrl + Shift + S` | Save all open files | | `Ctrl + Z` | Undo | | `Ctrl + Shift + Z` | Redo | | `Ctrl + F` | Find | | `Ctrl + H` | Find and replace | | `Ctrl + Shift + F` | Find in files | | `Ctrl + D` | Delete line | | `Ctrl + Shift + D` | Duplicate line | | `Alt + Up/Down` | Move line up/down | | `Ctrl + Shift + C` | Comment/uncomment line | | `Ctrl + Shift + /` | Reflow comment | | `Ctrl + I` | Reindent lines | | `Ctrl + Shift + A` | Reformat code | | `Ctrl + Shift + M` | Insert pipe (`%>%` or `|>`) | | `Alt + -` | Insert assignment (`<-`) | | `Ctrl + Shift + R` | Insert code section | ### Navigation | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + .` | Go to file/function | | `F1` | Help on selected function | | `F2` | Go to function definition | | `Ctrl + Shift + O` | Document outline | | `Ctrl + Tab` | Switch between open files | | `Ctrl + Shift + Tab` | Switch to previous file | | `Ctrl + 1` | Focus on Source editor | | `Ctrl + 2` | Focus on Console | | `Ctrl + 3` | Focus on Help | | `Ctrl + 4` | Focus on History | | `Ctrl + 5` | Focus on Files | | `Ctrl + 6` | Focus on Plots | | `Ctrl + 7` | Focus on Packages | | `Ctrl + 8` | Focus on Environment | | `Ctrl + 9` | Focus on Viewer | ### Projects and Sessions | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + Shift + N` | New file | | `Ctrl + O` | Open file | | `Ctrl + Shift + P` | Command palette | | `Ctrl + Shift + F10` | Restart R session | | `Ctrl + Q` | Quit RStudio | ## Jupyter Notebook Shortcuts ### Command Mode (Blue Border) Press `Esc` to enter Command mode. | Key | Description | |:----|:------------| | `Enter` | Enter Edit mode | | `H` | Show keyboard shortcuts | | `A` | Insert cell above | | `B` | Insert cell below | | `X` | Cut selected cells | | `C` | Copy selected cells | | `V` | Paste cells below | | `Shift + V` | Paste cells above | | `D, D` | Delete selected cells | | `Z` | Undo cell deletion | | `Y` | Change cell to Code | | `M` | Change cell to Markdown | | `R` | Change cell to Raw | | `1-6` | Change to heading level 1-6 | | `Up/K` | Select cell above | | `Down/J` | Select cell below | | `Shift + Up/K` | Extend selection above | | `Shift + Down/J` | Extend selection below | | `Shift + M` | Merge selected cells | | `O` | Toggle output | | `Shift + O` | Toggle output scrolling | | `I, I` | Interrupt kernel | | `0, 0` | Restart kernel | | `S` or `Ctrl + S` | Save notebook | | `L` | Toggle line numbers | ### Edit Mode (Green Border) Press `Enter` to enter Edit mode. | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Esc` | Enter Command mode | | `Ctrl + Enter` | Run cell | | `Shift + Enter` | Run cell, select below | | `Alt + Enter` | Run cell, insert below | | `Ctrl + Shift + -` | Split cell at cursor | | `Tab` | Code completion | | `Shift + Tab` | Tooltip/documentation | | `Ctrl + ]` | Indent | | `Ctrl + [` | Dedent | | `Ctrl + A` | Select all | | `Ctrl + Z` | Undo | | `Ctrl + Shift + Z` | Redo | | `Ctrl + D` | Delete whole line | | `Ctrl + /` | Comment/uncomment | | `Ctrl + Home` | Go to cell start | | `Ctrl + End` | Go to cell end | ## VS Code Shortcuts ### General | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + Shift + P` | Command palette | | `Ctrl + P` | Quick open file | | `Ctrl + Shift + N` | New window | | `Ctrl + W` | Close editor | | `Ctrl + ,` | Open settings | | `Ctrl + K Ctrl + S` | Keyboard shortcuts | | `Ctrl + `` ` | Toggle integrated terminal | | `F11` | Toggle full screen | | `Ctrl + B` | Toggle sidebar | | `Ctrl + Shift + E` | Explorer focus | | `Ctrl + Shift + F` | Search across files | | `Ctrl + Shift + G` | Source control | | `Ctrl + Shift + D` | Debug | | `Ctrl + Shift + X` | Extensions | ### Editing | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + X` | Cut line (empty selection) | | `Ctrl + C` | Copy line (empty selection) | | `Ctrl + V` | Paste | | `Ctrl + Shift + K` | Delete line | | `Ctrl + Enter` | Insert line below | | `Ctrl + Shift + Enter` | Insert line above | | `Alt + Up/Down` | Move line up/down | | `Shift + Alt + Up/Down` | Copy line up/down | | `Ctrl + D` | Select word (repeat for next) | | `Ctrl + Shift + L` | Select all occurrences | | `Ctrl + L` | Select current line | | `Ctrl + /` | Toggle line comment | | `Shift + Alt + A` | Toggle block comment | | `Ctrl + ]` | Indent line | | `Ctrl + [` | Outdent line | | `Ctrl + Shift + \` | Jump to matching bracket | | `Ctrl + Z` | Undo | | `Ctrl + Shift + Z` | Redo | ### Navigation | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + G` | Go to line | | `Ctrl + P` | Go to file | | `Ctrl + Shift + O` | Go to symbol | | `F12` | Go to definition | | `Alt + F12` | Peek definition | | `Ctrl + Shift + \` | Go to matching bracket | | `Ctrl + Home` | Go to beginning of file | | `Ctrl + End` | Go to end of file | | `Ctrl + Tab` | Switch between open editors | | `Alt + Left/Right` | Go back/forward | | `Ctrl + K Ctrl + Q` | Go to last edit location | ### Multi-Cursor and Selection | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Alt + Click` | Insert cursor | | `Ctrl + Alt + Up/Down` | Insert cursor above/below | | `Ctrl + U` | Undo cursor operation | | `Shift + Alt + I` | Insert cursor at end of each line | | `Ctrl + Shift + L` | Select all occurrences of selection | | `Ctrl + F2` | Select all occurrences of word | | `Shift + Alt + Drag` | Column selection | | `Ctrl + Shift + Alt + Arrow` | Column selection | ### Search and Replace | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + F` | Find | | `Ctrl + H` | Replace | | `F3` / `Shift + F3` | Find next/previous | | `Alt + Enter` | Select all occurrences of find match | | `Ctrl + D` | Add selection to next find match | | `Ctrl + K Ctrl + D` | Move last selection to next find match | ### Integrated Terminal | Shortcut | Description | |:---------|:------------| | `Ctrl + `` ` | Toggle terminal | | `Ctrl + Shift + `` ` | Create new terminal | | `Ctrl + Shift + 5` | Split terminal | | `Ctrl + PageUp/Down` | Scroll terminal | | `Shift + PageUp/Down` | Scroll terminal by page | ::: {.callout-tip} ## Customizing Shortcuts Most applications allow you to customize keyboard shortcuts: - **RStudio**: Tools → Modify Keyboard Shortcuts - **VS Code**: File → Preferences → Keyboard Shortcuts (or `Ctrl + K Ctrl + S`) - **Jupyter**: Help → Edit Keyboard Shortcuts - **Bash**: Edit `~/.inputrc` for readline customizations Learning the default shortcuts first helps when working on different machines, but customization can boost your personal productivity significantly. ::: ## Platform Differences Most shortcuts in this appendix use `Ctrl` as the modifier key (Windows/Linux). On macOS: | Windows/Linux | macOS | |:--------------|:------| | `Ctrl` | `Cmd` (⌘) | | `Alt` | `Option` (⌥) | | `Ctrl + Alt` | `Cmd + Option` | Some applications maintain the `Ctrl` key on macOS for terminal-related shortcuts (Bash, Vim).